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Bay'at al-Ridwan Mosque became famous as the Mosque of the Tree. It is located in Al-Hudaybiyah, Makkah, and is linked to a bright page of the Prophetic biography.

Location of Bay'at al-Ridwan Mosque

The pledge took place between the Companions and the Prophet (PBUH) under the tree after which the mosque is named, prior to the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah, at the site associated with the Qur’anic commemoration: “Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you under the tree …”

The Tree and the Pledge

The last renovation of this archaeological mosque was reported to have been about 30 years ago, and parts of it still stand today.

Bay'at al-Ridwan Mosque Through Time

Umayyad Period

<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Bay&#039;at al-Ridwan Mosque became famous as the Mosque of the Tree (Masjid al-Shajarah). It is located in Makkah, in Al-Hudaybiyah, which is known today as Al-Shumaysi.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">This mosque is associated with a luminous episode in the Prophetic biography: the pledge was given by the Companions to the Prophet (PBUH) beneath the tree after which the mosque is named. This took place prior to the conclusion of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah with Quraysh, at the site linked to the revelation of the noble verse whose meaning may be rendered as follows: “Indeed, Allah was pleased with the believers when they pledged allegiance to you [O Muhammad] under the tree. He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down tranquillity upon them and rewarded them with an imminent conquest” (al-Fath, 48:18).</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The magnitude of the memory and the elevated significance of the event captivate the visitor to this place, where one senses the sincerity and devotion that marked the Prophetic era.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The last construction of this archaeological mosque was thirty years ago, and parts of it still stand today, despite the changes it has undergone over time and the circumstances that prevented the completion of its architecture.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Bay'at al-Ridwan Mosque is located in Al-Hudaybiyah, Makkah. It is associated with the site where the Companions pledged allegiance to the Prophet (PBUH) shortly before the conclusion of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiyah. Parts of this archaeological mosque remain standing to the present day

An Archaeological Landmark in the Heart of Al-Hudaybiyah

Bay'at al-Ridwan Mosque

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Ikrimah Dam is situated in the upper reaches of Wadi al-Mathnah in Taif Governorate. It is traditionally attributed to Ikrimah, the client of the noble Companion Abdullah ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them).

Ikrimah Dam in Taif

Ikrimah Dam is a masonry-faced concrete structure designed to protect the city of Taif from flash-flood hazards, while supporting water resources.

Resilience Against Flash Floods

Third Saudi State

Ikrimah Dam, situated in the upper reaches of Wadi al-Mathnah in Taif Governorate, is attributed to Ikrimah, the client of the noble Companion Abdullah ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them).The structure is a masonry-faced concrete dam, measuring 290 meters in length and 11 meters in height, with a storage capacity estimated at 500,000 cubic meters.The dam was constructed to protect the city of Taif from flash-flood hazards, while also enhancing water security and strengthening local water resources.

 Ikrimah Dam, located in Wadi al-Mathnah in Taif, is traditionally attributed to Ikrimah, the freedman of the Companion Abdullah ibn Abbas (may Allah be pleased with them).
It is a masonry-faced concrete dam, constructed to bolster water sources and safeguard the city of Taif against flash floods.


A Facility for Supporting Water Resources and Regulating Flash Floods in Taif

Ikrimah Dam

Al-Qusayba Dam is located in Salamat al-Yumna, a branch of Wadi Umm al-Bikar, near the village of Umm al-Bikar, 35 km southeast of Taif.

Location of Al-Qusayba Dam

 Al-Qusayba Dam is 67 meters long and 12 meters high. It was built with two walls packed with stones in between.
.It emerges as a witness to the architectural ingenuity of the Umayyad era.


An Engineering Legacy from the Umayyad Era

Al-Qusayba Dam is located in Salamat al-Yumna, near Umm al-Bikar village, situated thirty-five kilometres southeast of TaifThe dam measures 67 meters in length, 12 meters in height, and 4 meters in thickness. It was constructed of a two-wall system, with a stone-packed space.Its construction dates back to the Umayyad era, and it stands as a rare testament the efforts of that era in the utilization and organization of water resources to serve local communities.

Al-Qusayba Dam is a water structure from the Umayyad era, located southeast of Taif. It was built with two walls, with the space between them packed with stones
It is 67 meters long and 12 meters high.


An Architectural Monument from the Umayyad Era

Al-Qusayba Dam

Athr

Al-Shuhada Cemetery is located in Taif, next to Abdullah bin Abbas Mosque. It is linked to events that took place during an early stage of Islamic history.

A Site with History

Al-Shuhada Cemetery contains the graves of Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) who were martyred in the Battle of Taif. It has been enclosed by a modern wall to preserve its status and sanctity.

In Memory of the Noble Companions

The martyrs of the Battle of Taif from among the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) are buried in this cemetery, including: Sa'id bin Sa'id bin al-Aas bin Umayyah, Arfata bin Janab, Abdullah bin Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, and Abdullah bin Abi Umayyah bin al-Mughirah.

Among the Martyred Companions

Early Islamic Period

<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Shuhada Cemetery is located in the city of Taif, in front of the Qiblah wall of Abdullah ibn Abbas Mosque, adjacent to its north-western corner. It occupies a site of historical value, associated with events from an early stage of Islamic history.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Buried in this historical cemetery are the martyrs of the Battle of Taif from among the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them), namely: Sa&#039;id bin Sa&#039;id bin al-Aas bin Umayyah, Arfata bin Janab, Abdullah bin Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, Abdullah bin Abi Umayyah bin al-Mughirah, Abdullah bin Amir bin Rabi&#039;ah, al-Saib bin al-Harith bin Qays bin Adi, and his brother Abdullah, Julaiha bin Abdullah, Thabit bin al-Jidh&#039;, al-Harith bin Sahl bin Abi Sa&#039;sa&#039;ah, al-Mundhir bin Abdullah, and Ruqaym bin Thabit bin Tha&#039;labah bin Zaid.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The cemetery was recently enclosed by a wall of brick and reinforced concrete, as part of efforts to care for historical sites and to safeguard and protect the cemetery.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Al-Shuhada Cemetery in Taif contains the graves of a number of Companions who were martyred in the Battle of Taif. Located beside the Abdullah ibn Abbas Mosque, it has been enclosed by a modern wall to preserve its status and sanctity.

A Historical Site Housing the Graves of the Martyrs of the Battle of Taif

Al-Shuhada Cemetery

Al-Mash’ar al-Haram Mosque is located in Muzdalifah. It used to be of modest construction, with an area of 1,000 m², and its architecture has been renovated several times.

Al-Mash’ar al-Haram Mosque

The mosque underwent multiple expansions, notably that completed in 1395 AH, during the reign of King Khalid bin Abd al-Aziz, to provide a larger area proportionate to the number of worshippers at the time.

Historical Expansions

During the reign of King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (may Allah have mercy on him) a new expansion was carried out for the mosque in 1409 AH, bringing its area to 9,000 m², accommodating more than 12,000 worshippers.

Larger Area.. More Capacity

Abbasid Period

<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Mash’ar al-Haram Mosque is located in Muzdalifah, which constitutes one of the main stations of the pilgrims&#039; journey across the Holy Sites.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The mosque was originally modest in scale, covering an area of 1,000 m². Its architecture has been renovated on several occasions, reflecting sustained care for this landmark, which has long been associated with the memory of pilgrims across the centuries.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Among the most prominent expansions is that completed during the reign of King Khalid bin Abdulaziz (may Allah have mercy on him) in 1395 AH / 1975 AD.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">During the reign of King Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud—may Allah have mercy on him—a new expansion for the mosque took place in 1409 AH / 1989 AD. This reflected modern attention to the Holy Sites, increasing the mosque’s area to 9,000 m² and enabling it to accommodate more than 12,000 worshippers.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thus, the mosque became a spacious area embracing large crowds of pilgrims, and its area became proportionate to the increasing number of worshippers in the site of Muzdalifah.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Al-Mash’ar al-Haram Mosque in Muzdalifah is one of the principal landmarks of the Hajj journey. It has undergone multiple expansions across history, reaching an area of 9,000 m² and accommodating more than 12,000 worshippers. The mosque reflects sustained commitment to preserving the landmarks of the Holy Sites.

Among the Most Prominent Landmarks of the Holy Sites

Al-Mash’ar al-Haram Mosque in Muzdalifah

Built in the late Ottoman era, Al-Rawdah Mosque is a small, rectangular mosque that remains standing in its location in Al-Rawdah, Wadi Fatima.

A Building Preserving Its Authenticity

Constructed from basalt stones coated in plaster, the mosque has a style standing out from regional mosques, and features semi-barrel roofs and no minarets.

Distinctive Architectural Features

: Al-Rawdah Mosque includes two rectangular mihrabs that protrude outward, two entrances on the northern wall, and eight windows.

Details and Aesthetics

Ottoman Period

<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Built during the late Ottoman era, Al-Rawdah Mosque is a small, rectangular-plan structure that remains standing in its original location in Al-Rawdah, Wadi Fatimah.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">It was built with basalt stones covered with a layer of plaster. Its architectural style differs from the region&#039;s mosques, as it is roofed with four semi-barrel vaults. Rectangular buttresses project from its side walls, and it has no minarets.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The mosque features two mihrabs that project outward in a rectangular shape, each topped with a pointed arch.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">It has two entrances in the northern wall, positioned opposite the two mihrabs. It also features eight windows, with two positioned adjacent to each of the mosque’s four corners.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Al-Rawdah Mosque is one of the surviving Ottoman witnesses in Wadi Fatima. It is characterized by its basalt construction, rectangular shape, and a unique design that features no minarets. Surprisingly, it remains standing in its original location to this day.

A Landmark among the Archeological Sites of Wadi Fatima

Al-Rawdah Mosque

: Al-Khayf Mosque, situated within the sacred site of Mina in Makkah, is regarded as one of the most prominent mosques in the Holy Sites region.

Location of Al-Khayf Mosque

Al-Khayf Mosque is distinguished by its extensive area of about 25,000 square meters. Accommodating 45,000 worshippers, it serves as a major hub for pilgrims to perform their prayers.

Spaciousness of the Venue

Al-Khayf Mosque was constructed according to modern Islamic style, featuring four towering minarets alongside integrated equipment, services, and all necessary facilities.

The Architecture of Al-Khayf Mosque

<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Khayf Mosque, located in the holy site of Mina in Makkah, is one of the preeminent mosques in the Holy Sites area. Its name is closely associated with the history of Hajj and the enduring memories of pilgrims, thereby granting it a distinctive significance in the hearts of Muslims.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">The mosque is characterized by its vast area, making it an essential gathering point for pilgrims to perform their prayers. Its total area spans approximately 25,000 square meters, with the capacity to accommodate up to 45,000 worshippers.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">It was built in a modern Islamic style and is adorned with four towering minarets. It also contains integrated equipment and services, including lighting, air conditioning, a sound system, and various other service facilities.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">With this integrated design and organization, the mosque stands as one of the most important facilities in the Holy Sites, contributing to the facilitation of Hajj services and meeting the needs of the pilgrims.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Al-Khayf Mosque in Mina is considered one of the most prominent mosques in the Holy Sites. Its capacity reaches 45,000 worshippers. It was constructed according to modern Islamic architectural style, featuring four minarets and integrated services to facilitate the pilgrims' prayers.

A Witness to the History of Hajj in Mina

Al-Khayf Mosque

: Al-Bay’ah Mosque is located on the southern slope of Mount Thabir, in a canyon known as Shi'b al-Ansar or Al-Bay’ah. It is linked to a major historical event, which is the Second Pledge of Aqaba during the Prophetic era.

A Landmark with a Memory

: Reflecting the beauty of Islamic architecture, the mosque was described in the past as having two porticos. Each was roofed with three domes, followed by an open courtyard. It also featured two doors on the northern (Sham) side and two on the southern (Yemeni) side.

Architectural Aesthetics

The construction of Al-Bay’ah Mosque has been documented on marble inscriptions when being built. A renovation text was added to them from the era of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir Billah. This attests to the continuity of care afforded to the mosque and to the preservation of its standing.

Al-Bay’ah Mosque Through the Ages

<table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Al-Bay’ah Mosque is located on the southern slope of Mount Thabir, which overlooks Mina from the northern side. It is situated in a canyon known as Shi’b al-Ansar or Shi’b al-Bay‘ah. Those ascending toward Jamrat al-Aqabah can see it on their left, approximately 900 meters before reaching the Jamrah. This mosque holds historical importance due to its association with the Second Pledge of Aqaba between the Prophet (PBUH) and the helpers.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">This mosque was established during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Abu Ja&#039;far al-Mansur in the year 144 AH / 761 AD. To commemorate that historic event, it was built on the site where the Second Pledge of Aqabah took place. This event contributed to the spread of Islam and resulted in the migration (Hijrah) of the Prophet (Peace Be Upon Him) and the Muslims from Makkah to Madinah.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">In ancient times, the mosque was described as having two porticos (Riwaqs). Each of them was roofed with three domes resting on four arches. Behind them was an open courtyard (Rahba). It also featured two doors on the northern (Sham) side and two on the southern (Yemeni) side. This design reflected the beauty of Islamic architecture during that era.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">To document the mosque&#039;s construction and preserve its architectural heritage, the date and reasons for its establishment were recorded in two foundation inscriptions on marble. One of them is located on the western wall (Qibla). The other is on its left and is dated the year 144 AH.</td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1">In addition to these two inscriptions, there is a renovation text that dates the mosque&#039;s architecture to the reign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir Billah in 629 AH / 1232 AD. It is fixed on the southern wall of the mosque. This serves as a sign of the continuous care for the mosque and the preservation of its status over time.</td></tr></tbody></table>

Al-Bay’ah Mosque is one of the most prominent historical landmarks in Makkah. It was established during the era of the Abbasid Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur in 144 AH. It was built on the exact site where the Second Pledge of Aqaba took place. It has remained the focus of ongoing care and renovation across the centuries.

A Historical Landmark at the Foot of Mount Thabir

Al-Bay’ah Mosque

Qabel Market, alongside Al-Nada Market, is one of the old markets famous among many visitors to Historic Jeddah, making a visit to them part of the city's exploration experience.

An Ancient Market

: Qabel Market is famous for the presence of currency exchange, household appliances, and fabrics shops. In addition to the trade of gold and diamonds, it reflects the vitality of commercial activity.

Commercial Diversity

: Qabel Street is one of the most famous streets of Historic Jeddah. It is named after Sheikh Suleiman Qabel, who contributed to developing the market by roofing the street and introducing electricity to the shops.

Qabel Street

Qabel Market, along with Al-Nada Market, is deemed to be one of the famous old markets among many visitors to Jeddah, as it combines the fragrance of the past with the vitality of the present.It can be said that it is rare for a visitor to shop in the city of Jeddah without passing through these two markets, as they represent two important stops in the journey of exploring Historic Jeddah.Qabel Market is famous for the presence of currency exchange and money transfer shops, and for the trade of electrical appliances, household tools, fabrics, gold, and diamonds, in a blend that reflects the diversity and authenticity of commercial activity.Qabel Street in the Historic Jeddah area is considered one of the most famous world-renowned streets that qualified the area for inclusion in the World Heritage List. It is named after one of Jeddah&#039;s largest merchants and notables, Sheikh Suleiman Qabel.He served as the President of the Commercial Court during the reign of the Founder, King Abdulaziz. He roofed the street with metal sheeting and introduced electricity to the shops, which enhanced the market’s appearance and contributed to its emergence as a major destination for merchants and shoppers.

Qabel Market is one of the famous ancient markets in Jeddah. It contains shops for currency exchange and the trade of household appliances, fabrics, and jewelry. Qabel Street is considered one of the most prominent streets of Old Jeddah and is named after Sheikh Suleiman Qabel.

The Memory of Trade in Historic Jeddah

Qabel Market

Al-Alawi Market, situated in the centre between Qabel Street from the western side and Souq Al-Badu Street from the eastern side, constitutes one of the oldest markets in Old Jeddah. Within its alleys, it embraces the fragrance of ancient trade.

From the Memory of Historic Jeddah

: Al-Alawi Market was a gathering point for most merchants and a headquarters for prominent commercial houses. It is a commercial area that formed the nucleus of economic activity in Old Jeddah.

Merchants' Meeting Point

Vibrant alleys branch out from Al-Alawi Market, where the scent of spices wafts through the air. In this market, traditional industries, fabrics, clothing, and accessories are displayed.

Vibrant Alleys

Al-Alawi Market is one of the oldest markets within Old Jeddah. It is centrally located between Qabel Street to the west and Souq Al-Badu Street to the east.This market, a commercial area, served as a gathering point for most merchants, accommodating numerous significant commercial establishments of the period.Numerous alleys branch out from it into the quarters. They are frequented by residents of the eastern part of Jeddah to purchase their needs, including clothing, household utensils, foodstuffs, spices, and various grains.The market is home to Jeddah’s most famous herbalists, while spices remain a most important commodity. In addition, stalls are distributed throughout the corridors, offering traditional crafts, textiles, clothing, and accessories.

Al-Alawi Market, located in Old Jeddah, was a gathering hub for merchants and a site for several commercial houses. Its vibrant alleys continue to host shops for spices, fabrics, and traditional industries that reflect Jeddah’s ancient heritage.

The Fragrance of Ancient Trade in Historic Jeddah

Al-Alawi Market

Al-Khaskiyah Market forms a focal point for visitors to Old Jeddah, connects to the neighbouring Al-Nada Market, and is characterized primarily by wholesale commercial activity.

Historic Market

The designation of Al-Khaskiyah Market goes back to the foreign word "Khaskiyah," which means: the neighbourhoods frequented by the elite of Jeddah, including the wealthy, officials, and notables.

The Secret of the Naming

Al-Khaskiyah Market was affiliated with Al-Bahr Quarter, and the commercial movement started from its piers by virtue of its proximity to the port.

On the Port Piers

Al-Khaskiyah Market serves as a major attraction for tourists and visitors of Old Jeddah, and it is linked to the adjacent Al-Nada Market.It welcomes visitors to take them on a journey bridging the past and the present.Originally, it specialized in the sale of foodstuffs, household essentials, and spices.Over time, wholesale activities became the primary feature, reflecting the vitality of traditional markets and their capacity to adapt to modern requirements.This market dates back more than 200 years and remains a testament to the authenticity of ancient Hijazi heritage.The name is derived from the non-Arabic term &quot;Khaskiyah,&quot; which refers to neighbourhoods frequented by the elite, including the wealthy, officials, and notables of Jeddah.The name &#039;Al-Khaskiyah&#039; has been established among the people since its founding in 1813 AD until today, remaining an authentic part of the memory of the place.By virtue of the market&#039;s proximity to the port, commercial activity used to start at its piers.It was affiliated with Harat Al-Bahr (the Sea Quarter), the last of the four historic quarters established in Jeddah, each of which possessed its own dedicated market.Today, Al-Khaskiyah Market remains an indispensable destination for anyone wishing to explore the features of Old Jeddah and evoke its ancient commercial history.

Al-Khaskiyah Market is one of the oldest traditional markets in Historic Jeddah, with a history spanning over 200 years.
Historically known for selling food, supplies, and spices, the market is now dominated by wholesale trade.
It remains a prominent destination that reflects the authenticity of the region's commercial heritage.


A Page from Jeddah’s Commercial Memory

Al-Khaskiyah Market

: Despite the antiquity of the name Souq Al-Badu, which came from the frequent visits of Bedouins to the market in the past due to its proximity to Bab Makkah in eastern historic Jeddah, this market remains vibrant and are visited by people from various segments of society.

A Name Retaining the Fragrance of the Past

: Souq Al-Badu is distinguished by its long-established shops inherited across generations, its preservation of its ancient architectural style, and the diversity of its displayed goods. It remains a testament to the continuity of commercial activity in historic Jeddah.

A Continuous History of Trade

: Souq Al-Badu extends across a main corridor intersected by narrow alleys and flanked by shops and traditional restaurants, allowing visitors to experience an atmosphere that blends Hejazi heritage with the beauty of daily life in old markets.

Between Heritage and Folk Life

Despite the antiquity of the name &quot;Souq Al-Badu,&quot; which came from the frequent visits of Bedouins to this market in the past.Due to its location in the eastern part of historic Jeddah, close to Bab Makkah.Yet, visitors now come from almost all social classes, whether for shopping or for strolling.Nevertheless, a segment of visitors continues to frequent the market to purchase goods—particularly clothing and textiles—favored among desert-dwelling communitiesThe uniqueness of this market stands out in its ancient character, as it is distinguished by its old shops passed down from generation to generation.And by its preservation of the old architectural style and the diversity of its displayed goods.Souq Al-Badu, which dates back more than a hundred years, possesses several qualities and features that make it more attractive than other markets.It is among the markets roofed with canopies that protect its visitors from the sun&#039;s rays.It consists of a main corridor intersected in the middle by narrow alleys, with many shops on its sides selling a variety of products.And restaurants serving traditional dishes such as meat and fish.Allowing the visitor to immerse themselves in an experience that blends Hejazi heritage with the richness of the folk ambiance

Souq Al-Badu stands out as one of the markets of historic Jeddah that has been linked to its commercial history and its folk spirit.
It is characterized by its ancient architectural style and the diversity of its products and restaurants.
It constitutes one of the markets roofed with canopies that protect visitors from the sun's rays.


A Tale of Renewed Trade in Historic Jeddah

Souq Al-Badu

Wadi Liyyah Dam was constructed in southwest of Taif to protect the villages and agricultural projects downstream.

The Safety Valve

: The dam systematically regulates water discharge and helps raise the water level in the wells.

Well Recharge and Water Balance

Wadi Liyyah Dam reaches a height of 40 m and a length of 190 m, with a storage capacity of 10 million m3.

Dam Height and Capacity

Wadi Liyyah Dam, situated 11 km southwest of Taif, represents one of the most prominent projects reflecting the commitment to water resource management.It is an embankment (rock-fill) dam, constructed to protect the downstream areas, which include villages, farms, and various agricultural projects.The dam also systematically regulates water discharge through Wadi Liyyah, thereby ensuring the prevention of damage and soil erosion affecting agricultural lands.Additionally, It facilitates the recharge of groundwater, thereby raising the water table of the valley’s wells, maintaining water balance and ensuring the sustainability of agricultural activities.The dam stands 40 meters high and 190 meters long, with a storage capacity of 10 million cubic meters.

Wadi Liyyah Dam, located southwest of Taif, is an embankment dam that contributes to protecting villages and farms and regulating valley waters.
It reaches a height of 40 meters with a storage capacity of 10 million cubic meters, reflecting its structural value and water importance.


A Grand Water Structure in Taif

Wadi Liyyah Dam

Located 21 km from Al-Jamum village, it is one of the region's most significant water projects.

Wadi Fatima Dam

Established in 1405 AH to recharge groundwater aquifers, secure drinking water, and supply Al-Qashashah station.

Construction of Wadi Fatima Dam

: For four decades, the dam has sustained its vital role, supplying Jeddah and nearby villages with a 20 million m³ capacity.

Forty Years of Water Abundance

Wadi Fatima Dam is located in Wadi Fatima (Abu Hasani), 21 km from Al-Jamum village.It is a concrete dam established in 1405 AH / 1985 AD, and considered one of the most prominent water projects in the Makkah region.to address the urgent need for recharging groundwater aquifers and ensuring a reliable supply of potable water for Makkah and Jeddah.This is achieved by feeding the wells drilled downstream of the dam, in addition to supplying the Al-Qashashah station.It played a crucial role prior to the establishment of Jeddah&#039;s desalination plant, serving as a vital source of water for the region.It continues to provide drinking water to Jeddah and its surrounding villages, thereby sustaining its vital function for more than four decades.The dam&#039;s spillway measures 441 meters in length and reaches a height of 15 meters.With a storage capacity of 20 million cubic meters, it possesses strategic value as a massive natural reservoir.

Wadi Fatima Dam is a prominent water landmark, established in 1405 AH to secure water supplies for Makkah and Jeddah.
It continues to fulfill its vital role today with a storage capacity reaching 20 million cubic meters.


The Water Lifeline Serving Makkah and Jeddah

: Wadi Saysad Dam is located east of Taif in a narrow section; it measures 58 m long and was built in 58 AH.

One of Taif’s Oldest Antiquities

: Wadi Saysad Dam was built as a single-wall structure composed of massive stone blocks laid in horizontal courses.

Ingenious Engineering Design

A 7-meter-wide channel carved into the rock exists for draining excess water, reflecting the brilliance of architects in adapting to the topography.

A Rock-Cut Channel

Wadi Saysad Dam is located east of Taif in a narrow section of Wadi Saysad. It extends from the northwest to the southeast.It measures 58 meters in length, 4.10 meters in width, and 5.8m in height.A striking feature of its construction is that it was not built with double-faced walls, as is common in most dams.Instead, its construction relied on large rectangular stones arranged in horizontal courses.This reflects the precision and diversity of construction in ancient times.At the northwestern end, there is a 7-meter-wide spillway carved into the rock to drain excess water.This highlights the ability of ancient engineers to adapt to the terrain and utilize natural resources with a high degree of craftsmanship.The dam remains in good condition to this day, becoming an archaeological landmark that attracts the interest of researchers and heritage enthusiasts alike.It has gained special significance as one of the dated dams since it traces back to 58 AH / 678 AD.This date is documented in a foundation inscription engraved on a rock adjacent to the dam.

Wadi Saysad Dam, east of Taif, stands as an archaeological testament to the ingenuity of ancient water structures.
It is characterized by its construction of large rectangular stones and its water drainage system through a rock-cut channel.
Constructed in 58 AH, it remains in good condition to the present day.


An Archaeological Witness to the Skill of Ancient Architects

Wadi Saysad Dam

Thalbah Dam is located west of Taif, on the right for those taking Al-Hada Road, before Jabajib village.

A Landmark on Al-Hada Road

Thalbah Dam wall stretches across the valley; it was built with two parallel walls packed with stones in between.

Masterful Engineering and Solid Construction

: Thalbah Dam still retains its original architectural elements. It is a testament to the creativity and precision of Umayyad engineering.

A Witness from the Umayyad Era

Thalbah Dam is located west of Taif, on the right side for those taking Al-Hada Road, before Jabajib villageThe dam wall stretches across the entire width of the valley from northeast to southwest. Its design demonstrates a strikingly notable harmony with the valley’s terrainIt was constructed of two balanced walls, with the intervening space filled with stones.At the time of its construction, the dam measured 90.78 meters in length, with a width ranging from 7.30 to 9.60 meters and a maximum height of 9 meters.Over time, the middle section of the dam wall collapsed, and an asphalt road now passes through it.Despite these changes, the dam still retains its architectural elements and remains in good condition.Dating back to the Umayyad era, it serves as a living witness to the achievements of water architecture during that historical period.

Thalbah Dam is located west of Taif on Al-Hada Road. It is one of the region's most prominent historical Umayyad landmarks
Rising a height of 9  meters and stretching across the width of the valley, it has preserved its original engineering design despite the passage of time.
